Archive

WHAT'S NEW?

This page will be updated to include further articles from author Jake R. C. Wells. Find the latest updates to this page in this section.

Update 1: Dec 6th, 2022

Published page
Added 'The Spiròt Language' topic
Added section titled 'The Writing System'
Added 'Article 1: The Characters' to 'The Writing System' section
Added 'Article 2: Words' to 'The Writing System' section
Added 'Summary' to 'The Writing System' section
Added 'Supplement A: Definitions' to 'The Writing System' section
Added 'Supplement B: Vocabulary 1' to 'The Writing System' section

Update 2: Jan 14th, 2023

Added section titled 'Pronunciation'
Added 'Preface: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Article 1: Pronunciation of the Characters' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Article 2: Pronunciation Rules for Words' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Summary' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Supplement A: Definitions' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Supplement B: Vocabulary 2' to 'Pronunciation' section
Added 'Supplement C: A Note on Accents' to 'Pronunciation' section

THE SPIRÒT LANGUAGE

Section 1: The writing system

Article I: The Characters

The Spiròt writing system may be considered Featural, meaning that the structure of its letters, or characters, gives an indication of their pronunciation. Furthermore, the writing system may be classified as a Syllabic Alphabet, meaning that the characters are divided into Consonants and Vowels, like an alphabet, but some of the characters, namely the vowels, cannot exist on their own. Instead, vowels are grouped with consonants to form Syllabic Characters.

There are five basic consonant symbols, each corresponding to a group of consonants considered to be related, typically due to similarities in pronunciation. Combined with a circular Diacritical Mark, or accent symbol, there are a total of eight consonant groups consisting of anywhere from one to five variations. These variations and their Romanized letters are shown in figure 1. The romanization is how the language is represented for speakers of languages that use the roman alphabet, like English. Romanized letters convert the text and therefore aren’t necessarily pronounced like they are in English. Instead, the Spiròt romanization is an approximation of the pronunciation, given that some Spiròt characters do not directly translate to standard English pronunciations.

Figure 1: The eight groups of consonant symbols and their variations. Blank boxes represent characters that, while they could be written, are not used in the language. Each character is accompanied underneath by its romanization(s).

The variations on the consonants come in five varieties, each of which is formed by adding or removing Strokes from the base character. These changes each correspond to characters of a certain type of pronunciation, like plosives, fricatives, etc. Exactly what these terms mean will be covered in an article on pronunciation, but they must also be mentioned here, since the language is featural. For now, readers may simply consider them names for each of the rows of characters in figure 1. Therefore, doubling the first stroke results in plosive characters (2nd row). This added stroke is therefore called the plosive stroke. Likewise, doubling the hooked stroke results in fricative characters (3rd row) and the added stroke is called the fricative stroke. If both are doubled then the character represents an affricate (4th row), a combination of the two, while omitting the first stroke makes the character a nasal (last row). Note that two groups of variations, namely those that have the plosive stroke, have two different romanizations. These characters are pronounced differently in different situations, even though the Spiròt character remains unchanged, thus leading to two different romanizations, depending on context. These circumstances will be further explored in an article on pronunciation.

The vowels of the Spiròt language are much simpler than the consonants. There are five vowels in total (fig. 2), four that are pronounced and one that is silent, called the Blank Vowel. When a blank vowel is attached to a consonant, that consonant and the one that follows it are spoken back to back, without any vowel sound in between. The four pronounced vowels are labelled according to their pronunciation. Like the consonants, for now readers may simply consider these names for the vowels (ie. the 'a' vowel is an open-front vowel).

Figure 2: The five vowel symbols. Each of the four regular vowels has two pronunciations, represented by two romanizations. The blank vowel has no romanization, as it is never pronounced.

Similar to some of the consonants, the four regular vowels have two different pronunciations depending on the context. These two pronunciations are written differently in the romanization, one with and one without an accent. Exactly how consonants affect vowel pronunciations will be covered in an article on pronunciation.

When writing a character, the consonant is written first and then connected to the vowel, if there is one. Since certain features of the consonants are modified for different pronunciations, and since vowels are connected to their consonants, each character has a particular Stroke Order. The stroke order simply indicates the order in which each line is drawn when writing a character. The stroke orders are summarized in figure 3 for each character type.

Figure 3: Stroke orders for the five consonant types and five vowels of Spiròt. The sample shows the order in which the syllable 'Shi' is written. Note that the vowel hook and the first stroke of the vowel are the same stroke. This is true of all syallabic characters.

Broadly speaking, the strokes for any given character are as follows:

the first stroke, which is doubled for plosives and affricates and omitted for nasals
the remaining main strokes
the vowel hook, which is doubled for fricatives and affricates
the vowel, which is connected to the vowel hook
the diacritic, if there is one

The principal exceptions to these rules are the ‘h’ syllables, in which the consonant part of the syllable is the fricative stroke on its own, which is simply a horizontal line.

Article II: WordS

In Spiròt, the basic units of words are syllabic blocks, or characters. The basic components of these characters are the consonant and the vowel, which are written together from left to right. Words are constructed from a series of these syllabic characters written from top to bottom and sentences are made up of words written from left to right and ending with a small circle, similar to a period (fig. 1).

As a general rule, no consonant is written without a vowel, save for the last consonant in a word. In practice, however, there are some words for which the pronunciation has two consonant sounds back to back, with no vowel sound between them. Furthermore, there are words that end or begin with a vowel sound. In such cases, there are a set of rules for writing such words to help maintain the proper syllabic structure of the word.

Figure 1: An example of a syllabic block, or character, word and sentence, showing how they're written.

Firstly, many words in Spiròt end in a consonant. These consonants are written without a vowel and are centred compared to the other syllables in the word (fig. 2). When a word instead ends in a vowel sound, the last syllable is followed by a centred ‘h’ consonant, a horizontal line, which is silent (fig. 3).

Figure 2: Sample word showing the word-final consonant character centred compared to the others, and written without a vowel.

Figure 3: Sample word showing the word-final syllable character followed by a silent 'h'.

Secondly, when a consonant is written with a blank vowel, that consonant and the one that follows it are pronounced back to back (fig. 4). The blank vowel is also used in borrowed words that end in a consonant sound. In this case, the blank vowel is attached to the word-final consonant, and is followed by a word-ending ‘h’, a combination of the previous two rules (fig. 5).

Figure 4: Sample word showing the use of the blank vowel, which is unpronounced in the word.

Figure 5: Sample borrowed word, showing the use of the blank vowel and silent 'h' together to show its borrowed status.

The third rule for how words are written relates to words that begin with a vowel sound. Generally, words are expected to begin with consonants. In cases where they don’t, a silent consonant character is attached to the word-initial vowel. This character is not pronounced and thus is only used to maintain the syllabic structure of the word-initial character (fig. 6).

Figure 6: Sample word showing the use of a silent consonant at the beginning of the word, resulting in a word that starts with a vowel sound.

Figure 7: Sample compound word, showing the use of a silent 'h' in the middle of the word to separate the two components of the compound.

Lastly, in the special case of compound words, which are typically reserved for complex post-positions/case markers, which will be discussed in an article on grammar, the silent ‘h’ character is used again. In this case, the silent ‘h’ separates the two components of the compound (fig. 7).

There are many other rules for the Spiròt language, but they are more closely related to pronunciation and grammar than to the writing system itself. As such, further rules will be discussed in the articles on these topics.

Section Summary

Figure 1: Summary of the information presented in articles 1 and 2.

Supplement A: Definitions

Featural Writing System: A writing system that notates the building blocks of the speech sounds that make up the language. For example, all sounds pronounced with the lips may have some element in common. (Source)
Syllabic Alphabet: A writing system in which the main element is the syllable, but where syllables are built from characters representing consonants and vowels. This term is often synonymous with the term abugida, however a distinction has been made here, since consonants in abugidas usually have an inherent vowel, while in Spiròt they do not. (Source)
Consonant: A speech sound pronounced by stopping the air from flowing easily through the mouth, for example by closing the lips or touching the teeth with the tongue. (Source)
Vowel: A speech sound pronounced when the breath flows out of the mouth without being blocked by the teeth, tongue or lips. (Source)
Syllabic Character: In Spiròt, a written character comprised of a connected consonant and vowel.
Diacritical Mark: A mark, point, or sign attached to a letter or character to distinguish it from a similar character, to indicate a particular phonetic value, stress, etc. (Source)
Romanize: To convert a language's text into the roman alphabet. (Source)
Stroke: In typography, a stroke is simply one of the lines that forms a letter. (Source)
Stroke Order: The standard sequence in which a character is written, often in reference to characters in Chinese, Japanese or Korean writing. (Source) Unlike in these examples, in Spiròt, stroke order is primarily used to help determine which strokes are doubled or removed from a base character, as well as to express how vowels are connected to their consonants.
Blank Vowel: In Spiròt, the blank vowel is a character added to a consonant, in the same way as other vowels, which itself has no pronunciation and is simply used when two consonant sounds are spoken back to back.

Supplement B: Vocabulary 1

Each vocabulary word is accompanied underneath by its romanization and translation. In addition, each word is coupled with a short audio clip of an approximate pronunciation. Please note that these clips are generated by AI voices with their own accents and may not perfectly represent the proper pronunciation. The AI voices have been chosen according to which gives the best approximation of the correct pronunciation. An explanation of how these characters should be pronounced will be found in the pronunciation section. Pronunciations were produced via the IPA Reader Website.

These first vocabulary words consist mostly of basic words and words that act as roots for more complex words.

Spiròt
(Noun: Person)

Yich
(Noun: Fire or Fire Element)

Wot
(Noun: Water or Water Element)

Bak
(Noun: Earth or Ground or Earth Element)

Hlùtl
(Noun: Air or Air Element)

Há'á
(Noun: Empty Element)

Yabùtl
(Noun: Animal)

Uts
(Noun: Sun or Sun Element)

At
(Noun: Moon or Moon Element)

Ok
(Noun: World or World Element)

Itl
(Noun: Star(s) or Star(s) Element)

O'
(Noun: Space or Void Element)

Ròwích
(Noun: Plant)

Mù'ok
(Noun: Place or Location)

Dats
(Noun: Thing or Object)

Xuñch
(Noun: Tool)

Wo'
(Verb: Be or Is or Am)

Yi'
(Verb/Adj: Do/Active)

Ya'
(Noun: Starting Point or Beginning)

Há'
(Verb/Adj:
Gather or Collect/Many)

Wu'
(Verb/Adj:
Break or Separate/ Broken)

Howha
(Verb/Adj:
Know/Smart or Known)

Hlaçi
(Verb/Adj: Stay/Stationary)

Háwha
(Verb/Adj:
Immitate/ Similar or Like)

section 2: Pronunciation

Preface: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

In order to discuss pronunciation it is important to use a standardized set of rules and sounds. The articles on pronunciation will reference the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides a comprehensive list of possible sounds within any given language. Given the number and complexity of the possible sounds, the IPA has a large list of characters in a variety of categories (fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3), and includes many additional diacritics and symbols. These IPA charts are arranged into a number of categories that may be unfamiliar to those who haven't seen it before. In the following articles, as the Spiròt language is discussed, explanations of the relevant terms from the IPA will also be explained.

Figure 1: IPA Pulmonic Consonant Chart.

Figure 2: IPA Vowels Chart.

Figure 3: IPA Other Symbols Chart.

Each symbol in the IPA generally has only one pronunciation, unlike symbols in any given language, which can have many pronunciations (ie. the 'I' in fish versus in mine) and can vary geographically (ie. regional accents). The proceeding articles will classify the sounds of the Spiròt language according to their IPA counterparts. For audio references on how these sounds are pronounced, check out the interactive IPA charts on the official International Phonetic Association website linked in the citation below.

All IPA Chart Images acquired from:

"IPA Chart, http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart, available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License. Copyright © 2018 International Phonetic Association."

Article I: Pronunciation of the Characters

Figure 1 shows the vowels and their phonetic pronunciations. Notice that each vowel has two pronunciations, one labelled 'round' and one labelled 'unround'. These terms correspond to the equivalent terms in the IPA, and refer to the shape of the mouth/lips. Thus, Round Vowels are pronounced with rounded lips, like the ‘o’ in ‘lobe’, while Unround Vowels are pronounced without rounding the lips, like the ‘a’ in ‘late’.

Figure 1: Vowels of Spiròt, organized according to their IPA counterparts and with the IPA symbols for their pronunciations.

The vowels are also classified into front/back, corresponding to the position of the tongue, and open/closed, corresponding to the position of the jaw. The difference in front and back vowels can be seen in the 'ee' sound in 'feel', where the tongue is in the front, versus the 'oo' sound in 'loom', where the tongue is in the back. Similarly, the difference in open and closed vowels can be seen in the 'oo' sound in 'loom', where the mouth is nearly closed, versus the 'a' in 'father', where the mouth is wide open. In Spiròt, each vowel has a Neutral pronunciation and an alternative pronunciation that occurs depending on which consonant the vowel is attached to.

Figure 2 shows a list of consonants with their respective IPA pronunciations. Given that Spiròt is a featural language, the consonants fall into categories that roughly coincide with both the place (columns) and manner (rows) of articulation, similar to the IPA consonant chart in the preface. The Place of Articulation relates to where within the vocal tract the sound is produced while the Manner of Articulation refers to how the sound is produced. The list in figure 2 also organizes consonants into rounding, unrounding or neutral, corresponding to how they affect attached vowels.

Figure 2: Consonants of Spiròt, organized according to the place and manner of articulation of their IPA counterparts, as well as according to how they affect the roundness of vowels.

Each manner of articulation corresponds to a specific change in the base Spiròt character. Those changes, along with the type of sound they produce and some examples from English, are summarized below:

Base Characters: Approximants, consonants whose pronunciation is between a consonant and a vowel, such as the ‘y’ in ‘yak’ or ‘r’ in ‘rug’.
Double First Stroke: Plosives, sounds where airflow in the mouth is blocked and subsequently released, such as the ‘p’ in ‘punch’ or the ‘k’ in ‘kick’.
Double Vowel Hook: Fricatives, sound where airflow is allowed to pass through a small opening, such as the ‘f’ in ‘fish’ or the ‘h’ in ‘hand’.
Double Both: Affricates, sounds that start as a plosive and end as a fricative, such as the ‘ch’ in ‘chin’ or the ‘j’ in ‘jog’.
Omit First Stroke: Nasal, sounds where airflow passes through the nose, such as the ‘n’ in ‘nice’ or the ‘m’ in ‘mean’.

Notice that the fricative row has three exceptions to these rules. The first two, the palatal and labio-velar fricatives, are written as base characters with an accent symbol instead of as fricatives. The glottal fricative, on the other hand, is written as a simple horizontal line. This symbol is typically silent, though not always, and therefore shares its shape with the blank vowel, which is always silent.

The places of articulation, moving from left to right in figure 2, roughly correspond to the eight base characters, with some exceptions. A summary of the characters in each column and the manners of articulation that they correspond to are listed below:

Column 1: Bilabial Sounds, pronounced using both lips, such as the ‘p’ in ‘part’ or the ‘m’ in ‘make’, are all variations of the same character.
Column 2: Alveolar Sounds, pronounced with the tongue against the region just above the back of the teeth, such as the ‘t’ in ‘ten’ or the ‘n’ in ‘nine’, are all variations on the same character.
Column 3: Lateral alveolar sounds, produced by allowing airflow to pass through the sides of the tongue, such as the 'l' in 'land', are both variations of the same character.
Column 4: Post-Alveolar Sounds, pronounced further back than alveolar sounds, such as the ‘sh’ in 'ship' and the ‘ch’ in 'chair', are written with the same character as column 2, with an added diacritic.
Column 5: Palatal Sounds, produced with the tongue and the roof of the mouth, such as the ‘y’ in ‘yarn’, are written with various characters. The approximant shares its character with column 3, while the fricative and affricate have added diacritics. Lastly, the nasal comes from the character in column 2 with an added diacritic.
Columns 6 and 7: Labio-Velar Sounds, pronounced with both the lips and the back of the mouth, like the ‘w’ sound in 'wind', are both written as a base character, one with and the other without a diacritic.
Column 8: Velar Sounds, pronounced at the back of the mouth, like the ‘k’ in king or the ‘ng’ in 'running', share their character with column 7.
Column 8: Glottal Sounds, produced near the vocal chords in the throat, like the ‘h’ sound in hot or the interruption in the word uh-oh, each have a unique character.

Note that the term lateral is actually a manner of articulation. However, due to the way that the Spiròt language classifies laterals, it is easier to list them as a separate column in figure 2.

Finally, there is one more aspect of pronunciation to discuss, which is voicing. A consonant is Voiced when the vocal chords are used to make the sound, while Voiceless, or unvoiced, consonants do not use the vocal chords. To see the difference, hold your hand to your throat to feel the vibrations of your vocal chords and make an ‘s’ sound, like hissing. Afterwards, do the same with the letter ‘z’ and notice that the throat vibrates with ‘z’ but not with ‘s’. That means that ‘z’ is voiced while ‘s’ is voiceless. There are many other examples of voiceless and voiced pairs, like ‘p’ and ‘b’, ‘k’ and ‘g’ or ‘f’ and ‘v’.

In figure 2, both the stops and the affricates have two pronunciations, one voiceless and one voiced. This is only a difference in pronunciation, while the written character is the same for both. Whether the character is pronounced voiceless or voiced varies depending on the word and the surrounding characters.

Article II: Pronunciation Rules for words

In the following discussion, the default state of all consonants is voiceless and the default state of all vowels is neutral. The rules for pronunciation will therefore explain the exceptions.

The first two rules describe when stops and affricates are voiced. Firstly, when a stop/affricate is between two vowels, or when the next consonant is another stop/affricate, it is always voiced, as is shown in the romanizations in figure 1. This excludes the glottal stop, both in terms of becoming voiced, as the glottal stop is never voiced, and in terms of causing voicing, as per the next rule. It also excludes situations where two stops are spoken together, without a vowel in between.

Figure 1: Sample word showing the voicing of stops/affricates between vowels or when they're followed by another stop/affricate.

Figure 2: Sample words showing unpredictable voicing of stops/affricates at the end of a word or after before glottal stops.

The second rule (figure 2) states that stops/affricates at the end of a word or that are followed by a glottal stop, are sometimes voiced. The behaviour of stops/affricates in these circumstances can be somewhat unpredictable, especially at the beginning and end of words, or when two such sounds occur without a vowel sound between them. In these cases, the proper pronunciation must usually be memorized.

Thirdly, two characters are pronounced with an unwritten vowel at the end of a word. These two characters are the palatal and labio-velar fricative, romanized as ‘ç’ and ‘wh’ (figure 3). Specifically, ‘ç’ is pronounced with an unwritten 'i' sound while ‘wh’ is pronounced with an unwritten 'a'. These unwritten vowels are always pronounced in their neutral form and occur only at the end of a word. Otherwise, when these consonants are written, they are written with vowels, even if the written vowel is one of these sounds. Note that these vowels are included in the romanization, but not in written Spiròt.

Figure 3: Sample words showing the occurrence of vowels in the pronunciation/romanization that are not present in writing.

Figure 4: Sample words showing unpronounced characters at the beginning and end of words.

The fourth rule concerns unpronounced consonants. When the glottal stop character occurs at the start of a word or the glottal fricative occurs at the end of the word, they are not pronounced (figure 4). This is somewhat similar to the English name ‘Sarah’, which has an unpronounced ‘h’ at the end.

The last two rules (figures 5 and 6) both have to do with how consonants affect the rounding/unrounding of vowels. Simply put, vowels connected to unrounding consonants are always unrounded while vowels connected to rounding consonants are always rounded. Meanwhile, vowels connected to neutral consonants are always neutral. Which consonants fall into each category is shown in a figure in article 1 of this section.

Figure 5: Sample word showing round/unround vowel pronunciations depending on the connected consonant.

Figure 6: Sample word showing neutral pronunciations for both front and back vowels when connected to neutral consonants.

Section Summary

Figure 1: Summary of information presented in articles 1 and 2.

Supplement A: Definitions

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): A phonetic notation system that uses a set of symbols to represent each distinct sound that exists in human spoken language. (Source)
Rounded Vowel: A vowel pronounced with rounded lips. (Source)
Unrounded Vowel: A vowel pronounced without rounding the lips. (Source)
Neutral Pronunciation: In Spiròt, the default pronunciation of a vowel, unrounded for front vowels and rounded for back vowels.
Place of Articulation: The location where two speech organs approach or meet to produce a speech sound. (Source)
Manner of Articulation: The degree and/or type of obstruction imposed upon the air flow to produce a speech sound. (Source)
Approximant: In phonetics, a sound produced by bringing two speech organs together without causing audible friction (without direct contact). Also known as semivowels or glides (eg. r, w or y in English). (Source)
Plosive Consonant: In phonetics, a consonant sound produced by creating a momentary blockage somewhere along the oral cavity. Also known as stops (eg. p, b, t, d, k or g in English). (Source)
Fricative Consonant: In phonetics, a consonant sound produced by moving the mouth to block airflow, but not making a complete closure, allowing the air to generate audible friction (eg. f, v, s or z in English). (Source)
Affricate Consonant: In phonetics, a consonant sound that begins as a plosive and concludes with a fricative. Also known as a semiplosive (eg. ch or j in English). (Source)
Nasal Consonant: In phonetics, a sound produced when the airstream passes through the nose (eg. n, m and ng in English). (Source)
Lateral Consonant: In phonetics, a consonant sound produced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth to allow airflow to the sides of the tongue (eg. l in English). (Source)
Bilabial Sound: Sound produced with both lips close together or touching (eg. p, b and m in English). (Source)
Alveolar Sound: Sound produced with the tongue near or touching the alveolar ridge (behind the teeth) (eg. t, s and n in English). (Source)
Post-Alveolar Sound: Sound produced with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge (eg. sh or ch in English). (Source)
Velar Sound: Sound produced with the back of the tongue against the velum (back part of the roof of the mouth) (eg. k, g or ng in English). (Source)
Labio-Velar Sound: Sound produced using both the lips and the velum. Sometimes also referred to as Labial-Velar, though these terms often have slightly different meanings (eg. w in English). (Source)
Glottal Sound: Sound produced using the glottis, the opening between the vocal chords (eg. h in English). (Source)
Voiced Consonant: Consonant sound produced by vibration of the vocal chords (eg. g, d, v and z in English). (Source)
Voiceless Consonant: Consonant sound produced without vibration of the vocal chords (eg. k, t, f and s in English). (Source)

Supplement B: Vocabulary 2

As in the first vocab section, each vocabulary word is accompanied underneath by its romanization, translation and approximate AI pronunciation. Pronunciations were produced via the IPA Reader Website.

This round of vocabulary words focuses on common verbs. Verbs in Spiròt typically also have an adjectival meaning, such that words like 'want' can also mean 'desired or desirable' (ie. The desired goods were delivered). This can lead to somewhat ambiguous translations between Spiròt and English. For example, the word for 'give' can also mean 'given or provided'. In English, given, when used as an adjective, can mean specified (ie. We met at the given time), but in Spiròt it usually refers to something that was given (ie. The given candy was tasty).

Verbs in Spiròt can also have additional meanings that English words don't have. For example, the verbs meaning 'rebirth', 'harmonize' and 'bond' refer to processes unique to spiròts (ie. harmonizing with their cosmic elements or bonding with humans), though they can also hold some of the meaning of their English counterparts (ie. the word for 'bond' can also be used to refer to a bond in general, such as a bond between friends, but more often bears the meaning of a spiritual bond). Therefore, the provided definitions represent the closest English counterparts and can sometimes have unexpected meanings or lack expected meanings.

Finally, certain very important words have been absent from the discussion thus far, such as pronouns (I, you, they, etc.), determiners (the, a, this, that, etc.) and prepositions (of, for, in, with, etc.). This is for good reason, as these words can behave quite differently to their English counterparts. For instance, there are about twelve different words in Spiròt that could reasonably be translated to the word 'the', each of which has a slightly different meaning. Such complex words will therefore be introduced in a section that discusses the associated grammar.

Maròch
Verb/Adj: Want or desire /desired or desirable

Tliçi
Verb/Adj:
rebirth or birth/ reborn or newborn

Fòyap
Verb/Adj: Hear/ Audible

Rùnat
Verb/Adj: Need or require /necessary

O'áwha
Verb/Adj: Harmonize or improve/ harmonious or better

Wunak
Verb/Adj: Look/ Scenic or good to look at

Nawícç
Verb/Adj: Hope /hopeful

Yoça'áçi
Verb/Adj: Bond/Bound (together)

Worak
Verb/Adj: See/ Visible

Kíwách
Verb/Adj: Have or own/own(as an adjective)

Uyip
Verb/Adj: Use/ usable

Amùt
Verb/Adj: Eat/ Hungry or Tasty

Go'
Verb/Adj: Give/ given or provided

Sùmat
Verb/Adj: Help/ helpful

Ahlit
Verb/Adj: Taste/ Tastable or Edible

Di'
Verb/Adj: Take/ taken or withdrawn

Sifòtl
Verb/Adj:
Listen/ Dulcet or good to listen to

Kíhlòp
Verb/Adj: Speak/ Vocal

Supplement C: A note on Accents

The articles on pronunciation are based upon the classical, or standard, Spiròt accent. This is the accent taught to most humans (unless they learn directly from Spiròts) and is also the accent believed to have been spoken by the ancient spiròts. In the modern era, however, each of the four spiròt tribes has their own accent.

These accents are not reflected in the written language but are written in the romanization, as the romanization is meant to convey the pronunciation. Therefore, spiròts' names and words spoken by different types of spiròts may have romanizations that don't exactly follow the rules presented in the other parts of this section. A summary of how pronunciation differs among the different types of spiròts is presented below.

Harsh sounds (such as stops and affricates) between vowels tend to be weakened (a process known as lenition in linguistics) by fire and air spiròts.
Conversely, earth and water spiròts tend to produce harsher sounds (a process called fortition in linguistics) at the beginning and end of words.
Stops and affricates after glottal stops tend to become voiceless (a process known as devoicing) when spoken by earth and fire spiròts, and also take on a glottal characteristic, becoming ejectives (ejectives are written with a ' after the consonant).
Finally, air and water spiròts devoice and aspirate their stops and affricates at the beginning and end of words (aspiration involves an additional exhalation after the sound and is written as an 'h' after the consonant). Furthermore, glottal stops in these accents are pronounced as approximants (an instance of the linguistic process of gliding), resulting in glottal stops after round vowels sounding like 'w' and glottal stops after unround vowels sounding like 'y'.

These changes can also occur together, depending on the word, resulting in unexpected pronunciations of the standard consonants.

Note: The more subtle aspects of these accents (specifically, aspiration and ejectives) are not easily reproduced via the tool used to produce AI sound files. Nevertheless, I've included two words with approximate AI pronunciations (similar to the vocab section) in each of the accents, to give some sense of the changes in pronunciation. If you'd like to hear what aspirated or ejective consonants actually sound like, I recommend visiting the Glossika Phonics Youtube channel and searching 'aspirated' or 'ejective'. Plus, they have a lot of other phonetic sound samples too!